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Judith E. "Judy" Heumann (born 1947) is an American disability rights activist. An internationally recognized leader in the disability community, Heumann is a lifelong civil rights advocate for people with disabilities. Her work with governments and non governmental organizations (NGOs) has produced significant contributions since the 1970s to the development of human rights legislation and policies benefiting children and adults with disabilities. Through her work in the World Bank and the State Department, Heumann led the mainstreaming of disability rights into international development. Her contributions extended the international reach of the independent living movement.〔http://www.disabilityworld.org/04-05_02/news/heumann.shtml〕 ==Life== Heumann's commitment to disability rights stems from her personal experiences. She had polio at the age of 18 months, and has used a wheelchair most of her life. Heumann had to fight repeatedly to be included in the educational system. The local public school refused to allow her to attend, calling her a fire hazard. Heumann's mother, a community activist in her own right, challenged the decision, and Judy was allowed to go to school in the fourth grade. Judy Heumann began taking major steps toward rights for people with disabilities in college, organizing rallies and protests with other students with disabilities. When she got out of school and was denied her New York teaching license because the board did not believe she could get herself or her students out of the building in case of a fire, she took the case to court. After the judge recommended that New York City’s Board of Education rethink its decision, Heumann became the first person in a wheelchair to teach in New York City〔http://www.adawatch.org/JudyHeumannPA.htm ADA Watch〕〔http://www.disabilityhistory.org/people.html#heumann Disability Social History Project〕 and taught elementary school there for three years.〔http://bancroft.berkeley.edu/collections/drilm/collection/items/heumann.html University of California, Bancroft Library, Oral History archives, The Disability Rights and Independent Living Movement〕 In 1970 Heumann and several friends with disabilities founded Disabled in Action, an organization that focused on securing the protection of people with disabilities under civil rights laws.〔(Independent Living USA: biography )〕〔http://www.disabledinaction.org/photos_heumann.html〕 While serving as a legislative assistant to the chairperson of the U.S. Senate Committee on Labor and Public Welfare, in 1974 she helped develop legislation that became the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act. An early leader in the independent living movement, she then moved to Berkeley where she served as deputy director of the ''Center for Independent Living''. Initially Joseph Califano, U.S. Secretary of Health, Education and Welfare, refused to sign meaningful regulations for Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973, which was the first U.S. federal civil rights protection for people with disabilities.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Short History of the 504 Sit in )〕 After an ultimatum and deadline, demonstrations took place in ten U.S. cities on April 5, 1977, including the beginning of a sit-in at the San Francisco Office of the U.S. Department of Health, Education and Welfare. This sit-in, led by Heumann and organized by Kitty Cone, lasted until May 4, 1977, a total of 28 days, with more than 150 people refusing to leave. It is the longest sit-in at a federal building to date. Joseph Califano signed the regulations on April 28, 1977.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=The Regents of the University of California. 2008. "The Disability Rights and Independent Living Movement." Berkeley, CA: The University of California Berkeley )〕〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Disability Social History Project, article title Famous (and not-so-famous) People with Disabilities )〕〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=EDGE - Curriculum - Biology )〕〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Political Organizer for Disability Rights, 1970s-1990s, and Strategist for Section 504 Demonstrations, 1977 )〕〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Kitty Cone, Facts On File, Inc., 2009. American History Online; Facts on File information obtained from ''Encyclopedia of American Disability History'' )〕 Heumann co-founded the World Institute on Disability with Ed Roberts and Joan Leon in 1983, serving as co-director until 1993. Heumann served in the Clinton Administration as Assistant Secretary of the Office of Special Education and Rehabilitation Services at the US Department of Education from 1993 to 2001. From 2002 to 2006 she served as the World Bank Group's first Advisor on Disability and Development, leading the World Bank's work on disability and worked to expand the Bank’s knowledge and capability to work with governments and civil society on including disability in the Bank discussions with client countries, its country-based analytical work, and support for improving policies, programs, and projects that allow disabled people around the world to live and work in the economic and social mainstream of their communities.〔http://www.disabilityworld.org/04-05_02/news/heumann.shtml〕 She was Lead Consultant to the Global Partnership for Disability and Development. She was the Director of the Department of Disability Services for the District of Columbia, but in 2010 became the Special Advisor on Disability Rights for the US State Department under President Barack Obama.〔(Judith E. Heumann-Director, DC Department on Disability Services Biography )〕 In 2014 the Berkeley Rotary Club gave its annual Rotary Peace Grove Award to Heumann and to the late Ed Roberts, another disability rights activist. 〔http://www.contracostatimes.com/west-county-times/ci_26190156/berkeley-disability-activists-receive-peace-award-emotional-ceremony〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Judith Heumann」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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